Ethnicity and Religion Quiz - 778 Words

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The Symbols Of The Scrolls - 713 Words

â€Å"Here we are,† begins Ir’a, leading his archaeological group into a large room that appears to be a library, the stone walls filled with well-preserved scrolls bound together by hemp ropes with various symbols between the shelves and behind the scrolls. More floors were above and below, the center of all of them empty so that the floors below can be seen, stairs going between the floors on the side opposite where the group entered in from. â€Å"Now let’s see if these scrolls say anything,† begins Ir’a as he picks out and unwraps a scroll that had the symbol of a familiar language. â€Å"Here’s something I can read†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he begins before beginning to quickly read the item. Garactum Shuni, day 53 of 1801, year 404 â€Å"Here†¦ we...† began Pacal Ts’eloti as†¦show more content†¦After another frigid wind with the same aromas blew through the area, the trio sprinted out, Iklanui and Aranur dragging along Pacal’s unconscious body. 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Entrepreneurship Market Segmentation â€Free Samples For Students

Question: Discuss About The Entrepreneurship Market Segmentation? Answer: Introducation The organizations ahs to identify existing wealth distribution in North Islands Northern territory of New Zealand prior to the income distribution. In order ensure better profitability the company has to evaluate the net worth of average household before investing money on the selected market (Fagereng et al. 2016). The necessary information related to economic stability, poverty or inequality of the region can be gathered from the Northern Territory government. The average house hold income of the Northern Territorys household reflects the socio economic condition of the country. Gini Coefficient could also be implemented by the organization to get information related to the areas wealth distribution (Hoeller et al. 2014). The Gini Index or Gini Coefficient is the process of measuring statistical dispersion that represents the inhabitants wealth distribution. The income percentage of the people of Northern Territory will be carried out against the cumulative income share. This proce ss is effective in measuring the distribution inequality. The result is expressed as the ratio between o and 1. The index works between the perfect equality line and perfect inequality line. The Lorenz Curve between the two lines indicates the coefficient. The higher coefficient highlights high unequal distribution. The Coefficient can be measured through the formula: Gini Coefficient = A/A+B. A represents the Lorez Curve and B is the area below the Lorez Curve. Line of equality is achieved when A is 0 and the more value A possesses, the more unequal the income distribution is (Bakare 2012). New Zealand generally score low in Gini Coefficient which represents low level of inequality. However, some scholars believe that Gini Coefficient fails to assess the data explicitly (Mori, Nakata and Kaneda 2015). Here the Gamma Distribution application is useful to measure the pattern of income distribution. There are parametric and non parametric estimation processes of income distribution. T he Gamma Distribution mixture can be used to overcome the issues of inflexibility. If such methods are used effectively the estimation could be successful which will help the company to invest the right amount in the right place. (Source: Stats.govt.nz 2015) A company like Ananas Anam could invest on starting a new business in New Zealand (Ananas-anam.com 2017). Their new revolutionary product Pinatex can consider entering into the Northern Territory. The income inequality is low in the area and high per capita income shows the countrys huge economic growth (OECD 2017). The consumer behavior of New Zealand can work in favor of the business of new product like Pinatex (Nielsen.com 2015). Majority of the citizens can afford expensive products. New Zealand has low unemployment rate that indicates positive future financial market for the company (Stats.govt.nz 2017). The Pinatex product is based on Pineapple fibre and the harvesting of pineapple in the Northern Territory is growing so it adds to the companys advantages for doing business in the selected region. Comparison of market segmentation: Treasury Wine Estates, Woolworths and Coles Supermarkets Marketing segmentation is considered to an important part of organizational marketing strategies. Through the market segmentation the companies divide their target markets in various segments based on their characteristics, needs and consumer habits. Here for evaluating the market segmentation the three selected companies are Treasury Wine Estates, Woolworths and Coles Supermarkets. Treasury Wine Estates offers a range of premium wines formulated in their vineyards of 9000 hectares (Treasury Wine Estates 2017). The route to market model has been followed by the company to attract maximum segments of the consumers. Though they are trying to catch all the customer segments but children, younger millennial and sick elderly people are excluded. More than 70 brands of wine are distributed almost 30 million cases every day. 3500 employees of the company actively participate in the corporate social responsibility practice where community engagement and consumer satisfaction are encouraged. Woolsworth is a supermarket chain that offers various products from grocery to alcohol. They target every possible consumer group in of the market through their huge range of products. The company has market capital of 26 billion (Woolworths.com.au 2017). The company offers products for infants to elderly people which made them one of the biggest retailers in the world. The company contributes significantly in the country economy. The company claims to offer fresh and healthy food to the citizens, which gained it more profit than its competitors. It has generated 59 billion dollar of revenue in 2016 (Woolworths.com.au 2017). The marketing elements are focused on the price, place, product and promotion to decide their market segmentation. Woolsworth offers easily accessible quality products. The consumer satisfaction is always prioritized by the company like during recession they provided the customer with cost effective products. All mediums are used by the company to promote their a ctivities. They also offer discounts and other offers which help it to maintain its sustainable consumer base. Coles Supermarkets also targets the whole of the consumers instead of segments. This is Wesfarmers owned popular super market chain in Australia. The company offers food, safety equipments to alcohol. The Companys acquisition of other brands has enhanced their business methods. There are almost 100000 employees working in the organization serving millions of consumers. The company has generated revenue of 33 million in 2016 (Coles.com.au 2017). By evaluating the market segmentation of the three companies, they can be ranked as following: Rank of the Organization Name of the organization. 1st Woolworths 2nd Coles Supermarkets 3rd Treasury Wine Estates Limited The Treasury Wine Estate should focus more on expanding their consumers. They must invest of effective promotion to attract the millennial and high income citizens. As they focus on their premium services, this strategy will enhance their high end consumers who will avail more of their premium services. Coles supermarket and Woolsworth target full consumer section so they should increase their production line. They can implement reverse integration process in developing new products. The production cost should be minimized and cheaper products should be offered in order to increase their target consumers Reference Bakare, A.S., 2012. Measuring the income inequality in Nigeria: the Lorenz Curve and Gini co-efficient approach.American journal of economics,2(1), pp.47-52. Coles.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.coles.com.au/ [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Employment and unemployment. (2017).Stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/income-and-work/employment_and_unemployment.aspx Fagereng, A., Guiso, L., Malacrino, D. and Pistaferri, L., 2016. Heterogeneity in returns to wealth and the measurement of wealth inequality.The American Economic Review,106(5), pp.651-655. Hoeller, P., Joumard, I., Pisu, M. and Bloch, D., 2014. Mapping income inequality across the OECD.Income Inequality in OECD Countries: What are the Drivers and Policy Options. Introducing Piatex - ananas anam. (2017).ananas anam. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.ananas-anam.com/pinatex/ Mori, S., Nakata, D. and Kaneda, T., 2015. An Application of Gamma Distribution to the Income Distribution and the Estimation of Potential Food Demand Functions.Modern Economy,6(09), p.1001. New Zealand - OECD Data. (2017).theOECD. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://data.oecd.org/new-zealand.htm The Changing NZ Consumer. (2015).Nielsen.com. Retrieved 27 August 2017, from https://www.nielsen.com/nz/en/insights/news/2015/the-changing-nz-consumer.html Tweglobal.com. (2017).Home - Treasury Wine Estates. [online] Available at: https://www.tweglobal.com/ [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Woolworths.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.woolworths.com.au/ [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017].

The Jungle Essay Essay Example

The Jungle Essay Essay Allegory of Charles I of England and Henrietta of France in a Vanitas Oil on canvas painting as done by Frenchmen by the name of Simon Renard de Saint-Andre between the years of 1669 and 1677. The main purpose in evaluating this piece of work is to be aware and describe the physical features, content and symbolization of this painting. This will undoubtedly include the complexity of painting and historical content of the painting. Allegory of Charles I of England and Henrietta of France in Vanitas has many admirable physical features. Atfirst glance , it is a massive painting. It is much larger than other painting sand it seems to engulf the whole wall. The large bulky frame of the painting is plain until your eyes wonder to the top center of it. There is a large flat shell like protrusion surrounded by a flower and imbedded in beads giving it a slight touch of class that it did not have before. Starting from the top, are a low solemn dark atmosphere and further down the painting you go the mood gets lighter and more colorful. However thefirst thing we see at the top are four bubbles floating in the air. They are floating up from a shell. The shell is resting in the hand of a white stoned sculpted baby boy. The shell itself also holds four more bubbles . They could represent the bubble s of life. Bubbles in general reflect things, as in a mirror. Could these bubbles exemplify the life of a man? They seem to be telling us of times to come or of times past. Behind the baby are two half statures of women. They look Roman-like in appearance. These classical busts have on robes of possibly something like a toga. The statues seem to be in a darker background than the baby boy is . It could be the background or it could be that during these times the Romans were looked down upon and in this portrait they were neglected from the light as Judas was in Leonardos Last Supper. Going further down the picture, the light and the colors seem

Technology Different Essays - Telecommunications Equipment

Technology Different General term for the processes by which human beings fashion tools and Machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment. The Term is derived from the Greek words tekhne, which refers to an art or craft, and logia, Meaning an area of study; thus, technology means, literally, the study, or science, of Crafting. As technology evolves, scientist and historians say that technology grows at A geometric rate without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These Innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected Social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a Destructive process. Technology Has been evolving with us since the beginning of the Prehistoric age, from the simplest off tools of the cave men to the now present future. Electronic fiber optic cables and the computerized artificial intelligence. Technology is Very important in our society, with out it we would not be able to survive in our ever Changing society. Imagine is someone didn't invent transportation. We would have not Discovered the other continents. Or not having the technology to cope with our ever Growing population. We would have run out of enough supply of food to feed ourselves. How about if cave men didn't discover fire? We would have not survive even just for a Day. All these things we owe to technology, so we must harness what it has to offer And further improve our society. Inventions That Have Changed Our Lives: Telephone: In the field of communication one of the most famous and useful invention In our modern society is the telephone. Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, he has Made our life so much easier and more productive. Saying that he has made an impact To society would be an understatement. These telephones transmit electronic pulses That would then be converted to sound that is comprehendible to us humans, but These telephones are big and bulky and they need wires to transmit these pulses. Then Came the invention called A cellular telephone that designed to give the user maximum Freedom of movement while using a telephone. A cellular telephone uses radio signals To communicate between the set and an antenna. The served area is divided into cells something like a honeycomb, and an antenna is placed within each cell and connected by telephone lines to one exchange devoted to cellular telephone calls. This exchange connects cellular telephones to one another or transfers the call to a regular exchange if the call is between a cellular telephone and a noncellular telephone. The special cellular exchange, through computer control, selects the antenna closest to the telephone when service is requested. As the telephone roams, the exchange automatically determines when to change the serving cell based on the power of the radio signal received simultaneously at adjacent sites. This change occurs without interrupting conversation. Practical power considerations limit the distance between the telephone and the nearest cellular antenna, and since cellular phones use radio signals, it is very easy for unauthorized people to access communications carried out over cellular phones. Currently, digital cellular phones are gaining in popularity because the radio signals are harder to intercept and decode. Also the fast growing popular video phones that work like a normal telephone but includes the ability to transmit videos through the use of a small camera. although these video phones are not yet popular in our present society. they will soon be in every home in the world. Pagers: not all inventions that where once practical remain practical. one example are the invention of pagers. although these pagers are still currently used in our society they in my own opinion have out lived there use. these pagers where used during the early 90s for the reason that they are more reliable, less expensive and more portable than a cellphone. but now cellphones are cheaper and come in sizes that are almost as small as a pager. so these pagers have out lived there use and are now impractical to use in some countries. but in the Philippines we have still retained it for they are "free" compared to a cellphone. Satellite Band Radio (SBR) Satellite Band Radios are virtually unheard off in our country. these radios are like normal radios but use satellites to transmit there information instead of the normal analog radio waves used. the use of these satellite radios give us better variety in the programs we listen to. and will infact make the change of information faster and easier from country to country. for a person

Morrie & Caged Bir essays

Tuesdays w/ Morrie & Caged Bir essays Tuesdays With Morrie by Mitch Albom I Know Why Caged Birds Sing by Maya Angelou I've heard of students who say they like their professors' sharp skills in different fields of study, but I've never heard of any that after twenty years of teaching, the student and teacher bond grow more and more. I'm talking about the book Tuesdays with Morrie. I thought it was a fascinating book. It contained teachings of a wise old man to his younger student, many years later. This man had a terminal illness, and he wanted to get his final message across to everyone, so he entrusted it into the young man, by the name of Mitch Albom. Tuesdays with Morrie was very inspirational and positive, even though there was death involved. Morrie had been teaching for years. This book explained each day of Morrie's final class, which took place in his home. The class met on Tuesdays, and Mitch was the only student. I think this is a very powerful piece of writing, because it really happened, which makes readers connect to the story, because any student had to have had some close relations with a teacher at some point in their life, causing their memories to think beyond the norm. I believe this book shows much courage and strength, in, not only Morrie, but in Mitch himself. Mitch is the student that takes the final class with his old college professor, the lesson of life. It seems as if he is doing this especially for Morrie, and not just for himself. Since the disease is working its way up Morrie's poor fragile body, Mitch becomes embarrassed by him, because he can't do certain things he was able to just a few days earlier. This is where I feel the inspiration kicks in. Mitch shows his support to his teacher, and continues to attend classes weekly. He is inspired by him to keep persisting, not just in this situation, but also helping him while he is working. Mitch has a very admirable quality; he is loyal. Ever since graduation, he h ...

Introspection of Faith in the Act of Terrorism Assignment

Introspection of Faith in the Act of Terrorism - Assignment Example The September 2011 bombing of World Trade Center marked a climatic event in history. Al Qaeda, the Islamic terrorist group, achieved worldwide fame upon its linkage to the bombings (Farmer, 2003). The loss of lives in the attack induced American patriotism and the need to eradicate terrorism. It paved the way for urgent and extensive means in combating terrorism. In spite of the negativity and rage in which the world perceived the attacks, Al Qaeda saw it in a contradictory perspective. For the members of Al Qaeda, there is global declension and there is a need to put today’s society into complete demise (Farmer, 2003). The death of the people who they deem as ‘evil’ is a triumphant moment for Al Qaeda. According to them, they are acting to please their God by eliminating America which they deem as the â€Å"evil power† . On the other hand, although Islam is the most associated religion in terrorism, there are also terrorist groups claiming their values are based on Christianity. One of these is the Ku Klux Clan. The original aim upon the founding of the group is severely deviated from the deeds they performed. From the playful acts and practical jokes in the 1800’s, Ku Klux Clan became one of the notorious racist and moralist groups in history (Farmer, 2003). They argued that white people are superior and that they are true descendants fitted to inherit the kingdom of God (Farmer, 2003). Consequently, black people and those who do not meet their moral criteria are labeled as targets.

The Eyes of Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Eyes of Faulkner - Essay Example This paper will focus upon the eyes of the two characters; the symbolism used by Faulkner to reveal particular character aspects of the individuals themselves and how his use of language supports those traits and communicates the plot of the stories in a succinct, encapsulated way. They eyes of Emily Grierson are truly windows into her soul. We are introduced to her at her death, but in the subsequent tale Faulkner reveals much about her character; and we can see much of it through his description of her eyes. Emily Grierson is a woman born to a southern family once prominent, but now poor. The daughter of a controlling father, Emily dies many years after killing her suitor in her own home. There are two descriptions of her eyes in the story, one from when she is middle aged and purchasing the poison that she will use to kill an unspecified victim, be it a rat or human, and the other from an older age when she is confronted for not paying her taxes. Faulkner portrays the younger woman, who is slender at the time, as possessing "cold, haughty black eyes in a face the flesh of which was strained across the temples and about the eye sockets as you imagine a lighthouse-keeper's face ought to look" (Faulkner 125). In the description of her appearance years later, t his same woman has gained weight, and her eyes are described as "lost in the fatty ridges of her face, look[ing] like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough..." (Faulkner 121). When she is buying the poison, Emily has cold and haughty eyes. These are the eyes of a woman contemplating murder, as we ultimately learn that her erstwhile suitor and probable husband's skeletal remains are found in a room of her house that hasn't been seen for forty years. Her soul, that of a murderess, is thereby revealed; haughty and cold. She is calculating, angular, unfeeling, and capable of buying poison without revealing her intent to the druggist. Contrast these descriptive elements with the pieces-of-coal-in-a-swollen-face description used for her latter years. Her eyes, black in both instances, are now described using a substance, coal, that provides considerable heat. In the scene where this description occurs, she has long-since committed the crime. Faulkner is showing us that Emi ly has gone from thin and cold to fat and burning; the primary intervening event being the killing of an innocent man. The descriptive changes in Emily are those of a woman who as lived with what she has done. She has become a bloated, intensely-eyed woman as her soul has dwelt upon her deeds. From icy calculation, she moved on to commit a fervent act. The act of passion, murder, has transitioned Emily's eyes from cold to hot just as Emily's own soul has evolved from frigidity to burning guilt. Faulkner embodies the essence of the entire story line within the eyes of his protagonist. This same literary convention applies to Colonel Sartoris Snopes (Sarty) in Barn Burning. We meet Sarty at the trial of his father, who has been accused of burning a neighbor's barn after a dispute over a hog. Throughout the story, as Faulkner reveals the boy's relationship with his angry and arsonist father, we come to the understanding that there are

PV system Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PV system - Assignment Example h. power storage: solar power can be put away in solar batteries and warm thermal solar frameworks for warming homes. At the point when there is light, the panels charge the batteries. Amid the night and climate conditions without the sun, the batteries are utilized to power the lightings (Conservative critic). (a) It is the design that expands the gathering of vitality from solar sources from a vast territory. It is attained by concentrating solar radiation from a vast region into a PV cell. It fundamentally lessens on the measure of the silicon wafer that is put into the generation of power. (b) Concentrating beams from the light is best accomplished by utilizing mirrors and lenses a procedure termed as optical force. Then again, a glass window built with luminescent substances in a methodology called luminescent concentration. (C) By guaranteeing that a lot of light from an unfathomable zone falls on a little PV cell, less measure of silicon is required to create and deliver high measures of energy subsequently lessening generation cost. For the luminescent concentration, the sheet of luminescent substance reradiates light, which wind up inside the glass. The reflection brought on falls on the PV cells to create power. The setup obliges that silicon wafer is just made utilization of on the edges. Productivity is a component considered from over edge as it prompts expanded proficiency (Ferowich). Ferowich, Grant. Solar Power: Cost and Reliability Make It the Perfect Energy Source. 31 MAY 2013. 4 OCT 2014

Reflective Overview Of The Business Modules Commerce Essay

Reflective Overview Of The Business Modules Commerce Essay After joining the course I gained lot of knowledge from taught modules and various individual assignments which I have written earlier in this module. Rite from the portfolio submissions i gained understanding about concepts behind marketing skills and knowledge which are needed by the managers. Marketing strategy for managers (MKT-4010) modules overall outcomes was unimaginable because it included presentations, Portfolios, Case study and Lectures. In the beginning of the course we were allocated in the groups and provided with a video for group presentation. Our group presentation was about ZSL London zoo, about which, we watched a video in the group and afterwards we discussed about the video and recoded some important points. Later on we did lot of research in internet to gain knowledge about ZSL London zoo. Subsequently we came with certain theories which we can apply in our group presentation. Such as Porters 5 forces, Swot Analysis, Ansoff matrix which we learned in our Lectur es. Then we progressed with our Lectures and we learned about Situation analysis. We had given Nike case study which was non-assessed but we tried to figure out facts from case study and we made a sincere attempt about Market orientation of Nike. Then we learned about Strategic Marketing Process which is situation analysis, Designing marketing strategy, marketing program development, Implementing and managing strategy. After learning situation analysis now i am able to implement in real world industry. I have done my situation analysis of Accenture in my Marketing plan phase 1. The important strategic issues of the company have been studied here. I have learnt Competitive costing competitive advantage in industry along with targeting various demographic factors from our Accenture project. I have also learnt how companies can get into a position where it steadily increases its market share and brand value to compete in the current market. I have learnt a lot about different strategies that different types of companies has to adopt, for instance, Ikea, Slendertone and many more while preparing portfolios. I have also understood the devastating outcomes if the company does not have an expanded presence around the world which could be detrimental for them. This needs to be increased for a better strategic management. This assignment has resulted in my understanding towards the key roles of each and every aspect of strategic plan and implementation from the case studies of various companies from different Industries. I implemented all types of research techniques in my projects that I learnt from my course, and used core text books to collect secondary data. Identifying reliable sources for data collection is vital for any research or project in order to get updated data. These sources can be found from sources on the web, journals, articles and books. Updated collected online or journals are considered as secondary data which is also vital apart from primary data collected from various books. Secondary data can also be collected from companys financial statements and online publications on their official websites. But it is always essential that data collected should be relevant, accurate and interpretable. These data should help one to gain a better knowledge and understanding towards the company and its strategies. I have based all my conclusions of my analysis in projects of strategies on a single case studies but it is un-ethical to use it as a base for all brands. These research on marketing strategies can be used even on a large scale taking different geographical areas of a country where there are many individual companies are operating. This is shown in the assignments on IKEA, Slendertone, Nanophase. These strategy researches might change with context to different countries as a result of change in their internal and external environments as stated in the case studies of IKEA, Slendertone and Nanophase. I learnt about strategic brand management in our guest lecture which will be of great help in my future because branding is an important component of Marketing Mix. Positioning is one of the aspects of the theory that has been applied in all my case studies. It is very important to know how positioning works in strategies. Positioning in Strategic Management these days are referred to as the process through which marketers attempt to create an Brand Image or Identity in the minds of their target market for its products, its organisation and brand. I have understood that it is only a relative competitive comparison their products would occupy in an indented market which is referred as target market. After learning Porters 5 forces, PESTAL, SWOT analysis, Ansoffs matrix and many other theories which are very helpful in designing the corporate strategy in an organisation. Success alone should not be the goal of any company but also being ethical and practicing healthy practices to achieve market success is also important as it is vital for good image about the organisation in the minds of customers and also with its peers. Now I believe completely capable of taking right decisions at right time. Learning outcomes from the module: 1). Developed a deep understanding about issues, roles and activities of strategic marketing within any organisation through exploring theoretical and practical skills and also knowledge to come up with an outstanding strategy for marketing success. 2). It helped me to understand the core concepts, principles and techniques inside the boundaries of strategic marketing. 3). It has helped me develop inter-personnel skills, organizational skills, soft skills, communication skills, confidence as a result of proper knowledge I have managed to acquire from this module. 4). This module has not only given me knowledge, but also has added weight to my qualification in the current competitive market. After learning theories and models now I am able to implement these in my Situation analysis of Accenture. I feel that I am very successful in learning Marketing strategy for Managers from my core module. The Knowledge I have gained from this module would definitely come in handy when I actually enter the market. In over all, I have learnt each and every aspect of marketing and marketing strategies from this module and used it in my reports. This module helped me to get a deep understanding about real situation in market and learnt that even a single right strategy can make tremendous change everything into useful opportunities. Hence, I strongly believe that outcomes of this module have given me an edge to be successful in strategic marketing management in an organisation.

Great African Culture

The Great African culture is the result of the influences of the African kingdoms and city states which thrived and prospered between 1200 and 1500 CE. In addition to this, the forces of cultural diffusion as well as trade had influenced and changed these African civilizations.The ruling Kingdom of Songhai, due to the influence of the Arab culture and trading system, was replaced by the Mali. This new power in Western Africa influenced and expanded the ruling class, culture, society and its people.On the other hand, through extensive trade contacts, Islamic traditions and customs were brought to East Africa. Consequently, this had a huge influence on the culture and politics in Swahili city-states. On the other hand, the Great Zimbabwe was able to deter the influence of Islamic cultural diffusion and other cultures despite having trading contacts from the Middle East, India and China.This is due to the obstacles created by its natural geographic location. While Kongo in West Africa c ontinued to trade slaves, goods in return for weapons from the Portuguese merchants, ultimately leading to a change in religion (towards Christianity). In 1500, the power of several African societies was reduced because of the expansion of slave trading in the region.Generally, through trade, the African societies transact all the activities related to production and the reproduction of human life in its culture. Culture is consists of all that members of a society do. It is also passed on from one generation to another.Trade and development eventually must be understood or recognized as a cultural process, wherein culture is identified to encompass the social, economic, religious, political and other areas of social life and activity.In the African situation, conceivably greater than any other area of the world, culture as an incremental, as an inheritance and constructional basis of life and society, had a propensity to be forsaken in favor of unsystematic mimicry and cheap imitat ion of Western practices.The consequence of this is failure during most of the post-independence period to crucially or â€Å"significantly improve the quality of life of the majority of people in the continent† (Ukaga and Afoaku, 2005). Accordingly, modern Africa is still one of the poorest regions of the world regardless of its vast endowments of natural and human resources. ReferencesUkaga, O., & Afoaku, O. G. (2005). Sustainable Development in Africa: A Multifaceted Challenge. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, Inc.

Different stakeholders Essay

D1: Evaluate the influence different stakeholders exert in the organisation. Introduction Each stakeholder is important to the business, however, some are more important than others. I have chosen the top three that I think are the most important and in this word document, I will evaluate how these stakeholders influence the NHS and McDonalds. McDonalds Owners The owners are very important in McDonalds, because they’re the people that invest in the business and make sure that it runs smoothly to be able to give a good service and provide the customers with high quality food. They have to make sure that the each of the fast food restaurants are kept clean and designed well, to attract the customers and make them enjoy their time while having their food. This brings more costs with it; therefore the owners have to make sure that they have enough money when investing more money into the restaurants. They also have to make sure that McDonalds is fully equipped to be able to prepare the food that’s on the menu. When hiring new members of staff, they have to follow the procedures to make sure that they do it correctly. The people that they hire need to be suitable for the job and meet all of McDonald’s requirements and if failed to do so, it could have a big impact on the business and its overall success. Owners also need to make sure that all of the rules and regulations are followed so they don’t get into trouble for going against the law. If any of their employees don’t follow these rules, they are the ones to deal with it. The owners are in control of finance of the business and it’s budgeting. They need to make sure that the money is divided equally and controlled as it’s very easy to fall into debt but harder to get out of it. However, the owners don’t deal with everything themselves as their restaurants are all over the world; therefore they have their trusted people that deal with most of the issues that they don’t have time to deal with. For example, these people working for the owners have a high position within the business and they’re in charge of staff and the way separate restaurants are run. They have to motivate the stuff so they can be happier and enjoy their job more to provide a better quality service to the customers and this way improve the reputation of the business and help to make more profit as happy customers  are most likely to return to McDonalds repeatedly. Employees Employees working in McDonalds have to be well-trained to be able to prepare all of the food and serve the customers in the way that meets their expectations. Without staff, the restaurants wouldn’t be running because there would be no one to serve the customers and it’s not like McDonalds is a small family-run business so the owners could just do all the work themselves. There are many different departments within McDonalds and people are trained for different job roles but they still work together as a team to create overall business success. Employees also have to meet all of the customers’ expectations, whether that’s when preparing their food or serving them. They have to be friendly, patient and caring. The customers’ satisfaction should be the most important to them. However, they want to work in good working conditions and they want to know that they have a secure job, so the employers must make sure that they provide them with these. They might also expect a decent pay considering their job role consists of being on their feet during their shift and keeps them very busy. They can’t expect the pay to be too high at the same time because working in McDonalds doesn’t require any previous experience as full training is given and there’s no particular education expectations that the employees need in order to work in this fast food restaurant. Customers Customers in McDonalds are important, that’s why they’re in the top 3 in terms of how important they are to the business. They are the ones eating the food that McDonalds provide and in return they want to receive a high quality meal for a good price and they want to receive a good service when having their meal. If the business didn’t meet all of these expectations and they would give the customer sub-standard food, the customers might decide they don’t want to visit the restaurant again and it will affect the long-term profit that the business makes, it will also affect the reputation of McDonalds, therefore other customers might behave differently and have a negative opinion on it. The customers might chose to use other fast food restaurants such as Subway, KFC or Burger King who are a competition to McDonalds and it will affect its market share. Customers have an influence on the food that’s served in McDonalds, the quality of it and its price. To be able to charge low prices, the fast food restaurant might have to accept a low profit margin on their products. To be able to prepare high quality food and serve them in the right way, they might need to spend a lot of time and money to train the staff. It’s essential to meet the needs of customers in McDonalds if they want to carry on being a successful business and achieve their aims. NHS Government The government finances NHS, therefore without it, the service couldn’t be provided for free and some people could be affected by that as they might not have the money to pay for expensive health services and their health would be at risk. They are the ones to make sure that everything runs smoothly so a high quality service can be provided. They have to make sure that the NHS has all of the equipment needed to provide the service, that enough staff are hired to carry out these services and that they have the right qualifications and experience. The government needs to make sure that people working for the NHS are not over-working because they have a hard job as it is and they’re taking care of patients, so if they don’t have enough rest, they won’t be able to give a high standard service . Employees The employees in NHS are nurses, doctors and admin staff, all working in hospitals. These people have to have previous experience and they also have to have the right qualifications because they’re dealing with serious matters which is other people’s health, therefore they will want to work in a good environment, have a secure job and receive a good pay. These requirements will have an impact on the business because to be able to provide a good working environment, they will have to invest more money into it for example giving staff longer breaks or making sure that the working conditions are good. Also, high rates of pay will affect the finance of the business; however, if the staff doesn’t receive enough money for their job role, they might not be motivated to work. This will affect the way the business operates and gives out a service because it wouldn’t be a high standard. This would change the public opinion on NHS and then they would expect more from the government if their needs weren’t satisfied and  therefore, the government would have to invest more money in the NHS. The employees have a big impact on the service that is given out to the general public. Patients Patients are very important in the NHS because the NHS basically exists for people. If no one used their services, there would be no point of this existing because it’s a free health service provided to people that simply can’t afford it. If no one used the NHS services, the government would just pointlessly spend money on something that isn’t needed. However, when the patients decide to use the NHS, they have certain expectations that need to be met. They want to be treated equally and receive the health service they really need, whether it’s something simple or more serious. They are not expecting to pay for any help that’s given to them, they want the doctors and nurses to be friendly and helpful and they also expect the overall place to be in a good condition and atmosphere to be friendly and comfortable. The patients can give feedback after they have received a service, whether it’s to the company itself or whether it’s to family and friends who can then enjoy the use of the service too and make it more popular. The patients are also the ones who influence the products and services that the NHS provides because these need to be suitable for the patients themselves and meet their needs and requirements. Summary There are many different people working in different areas and departments of McDonalds and each of these groups have an effect on the company and how well it’s doing. Some of these stakeholders work together to achieve a mutual aim, whereas others work individually to achieve their own. There are also groups of stakeholders who don’t agree with each other and there are some opposing interests between them, therefore the business needs to be ready to resolve these differences. Overall, I think the owners, employees and customers are the most important stakeholders for McDonalds, because without them, the business simply wouldn’t be running or they wouldn’t be able to achieve success. If the owners of McDonalds didn’t invest enough money into the business to make it appealing to its customers and they didn’t hire the right employees who would meet the customers needs and expectations, the business wouldn’t be successful overall and they wouldn’t  be able to expand like it has. The most important stakeholder for the NHS is the government because they are the ones who are in charge of the NHS and they fund them. Without the money that the government invests in the NHS, they wouldn’t be able to provide patients with free health service and therefore the patients might not be able to afford healthcare. The employees such as doctors and nurses are very important because the NHS needs experienced people to work for them and to provide the service to their patients but also meet their business aims.

Labelling essays

Labelling essays In todays society, people are labelled and treated differently depending on their nationality. This is something that everyone is guilty of, including yourself. At least once in your lifetime you will describe someone by their nationality or give them a label such as wog, dego, gook etc. Its not only the people who have different nationalities that are being labelled today, its also the Australians and the native people who are being labelled as well. They have been given names such as boongs, red-necks, doggas etc. Labelling leads people to think that these different nationalities have people that look a certain way and that they will have some kind of personality trait depending on their nationality. A couple of prime examples of this are when people are described as wogs. When described as a wog you immediately think they are greasy, hairy, dont know any other English other than fully sick, be stuck up, always get their hair done at Hair Machine, drive a Valiant, Monaro or VL Calais and where their Kappa tracksuit all year round (Kappa considered to be a wog brand). Another example would be the labelling of the Australians. Really people call them doggas, how society came up with that name, no one really knows. When labelled as a dogga you are immediately seen as someone with a mullet, wears stubby shorts and flannelette shirts, wears thongs all year, always says Gday mate, said to be rude and always uses foul language, addresses females as Sheilas and will only ever drink beer. These ar e the types of things that people think of when some one has got a label to them. This is the power of imagery and also stereotypes. Not all people take these labels to heart. Some people are proud to have a label. There are also people who have started gangs using their label. M.E.B Middle Eastern Boys are a gang ...

The Cedarville County jail

The Cedarville County jail Introduction The Cedarville county jail is an incarceration facility that has recently been built and it is equipped with the modern technology in security.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Cedarville County jail specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although this incarceration facility has an upper hand when it comes to security, it is also faced numerous problems ranging from security within the facility, administration management in terms of finance and issues of drug, alcohol and morale that have engulfed the employees within the Cedarville County jail. As the newly appointed CEO to the Cedarville County jail, my main objective is to make use of the existing security technology to deal with the insecurity issues and transform the administration of the facility by tackling head-on the issues engulfing it. Strengths One of the dominant strength of the Cedarville County jail is its latest and modern technology in secu rity. The latest technology in security, if fully exploited, will play a major role in ensuring that inmates’ presence is limited to within the confines of the facility. The Cedarville County jail facility will also attain another advantage of an experienced administrative team that has previously worked together. The separation of the adult and juvenile offenders is a strength that comes into good use especially while addressing the different issues facing the two sectors of the facility. This is because the issues facing adult offenders’ facility are different from the issues facing the juvenile facility. Weaknesses One of the major weaknesses that are evident in the Cedarville County jail is the indulgence of its employees in drugs and alcohol. This kind of behavior portrays a negative image of the jail which is meant to be a correctional facility. The poor financial and accounting system of the facility is also a weakness set to affect the operations of the facilit y. Gender equality within the administrative posts is a weakness that needs to be looked at as women are said to be employed in the lower ranks of administration posts. Opportunities The main beneficial opportunity to the Cedarville County jail is the willingness of the county government to assist the facility with funds and additional resources. This is an opportunity if put to good use, will ensure the transformation process of the facility is successful. Working with the strategic management team that I have previously worked with is a golden opportunity and a boost to the efforts of transforming the facility. Threats The low morale among the facility’s employees is a serious threat that if not properly tackled, it may lead to the failure of the transformational efforts about to be undertaken. In additional to this the lack of technical knowhow among the officers in using safety and restraint technique is a serious threat that is posed to the security of the entire facilit y. Without proper training of the officers, the transformation efforts of the facility will be null and void.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The Cedarville County jail is a facility that has its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strengthening and emphasizing of these strengths and opportunities and at the same time tackling of the weaknesses and threats will enable the facility and its administration to attain the set objectives. Making good use of the latest technology in the facility’s security system will be a move that exploits the strength of the Cedarville County jail facility while at the same time the existing security menace within the facility will have been tackled.

Narrative Report on The Wizard of Oz (1939) Essay

Narrative Report on The Wizard of Oz (1939) - Essay Example It has significance as a unit, and a thread can be traced all the way along. Plot, on the other hand, is an item that occurs within that story. So for example, there are twists and turns in the story caused by these episodes, or plots, that crop up. They are each of lesser importance in themselves, but they all contribute to the work as a whole, creating interest and sometimes also contrast. The plot element of the balloon scene is an example of a little excursus from the main story and some of the places that Dorothy visits are also branches of sub plot . The scene where the wizard tells Dorothy to find the broom is an example of a new plot being inserted into the story and this, too, diverts her from her main goal of returning to Kansas for a while. It motivates her to take a certain course of action and increases an element of danger because she has to encounter the wicked witch. The film begins with Dorothy out walking with her dog when suddenly a tornado arrives and all the Kansas characters are depicted rushing to find shelter. This dramatic start creates suspense, because Dorothy runs here and there, flinging her arms out and wrestling with items in her desperation to find a safe spot. The whole scene is filmed in black and white, and it shows a rather plain and drab country atmosphere with chickens and horses. There is some cartoon-like camera work when Dorothy gets hit on the head and lies down in bed watching figure pass by through the window, as if being whirled up in the tornado. Finally the camera pulls right away and there is an image of the house spiralling up and away. Suspense is created at this point because the viewer wants to know what happens to Dorothy and Toto. In the final scene there is a repetition of the spiralling house but this time it spins downwards, in reversal of the opening sequence.

The government of Costa Rica Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The government of Costa Rica - Research Paper Example The paper tells that having gained its independence from Spain as part of the broader Central American independence movement in the former Kingdom of Guatemala, Costa Rica became a constituent province of the short-lived Federal Republic of Central America, or Central American Union. Following the Union dissolution in 1838, Costa Rica proclaimed itself as a sovereign nation under Braulio Carrillo, who was ultimately removed from power in 1842; in 1847, Jose Maria Castro Madriz was appointed President of Costa Rica, who, during his first term of office, formally declared Costa Rica an independent republic. The constitutional reform of 1848 attempted to establish basic civil rights and might be thought to have laid the foundations for a tradition of political moderation and civilian government despite having had some interludes of military rule. Two significant periods of political turmoil had taken place since the late 19th century, the first of which started with the 1917 military co up against Gonza Flores administration, led by General Tinoco Granados, whose rule failed to gain recognition from the United States and had eventually ended in 1919 under both external and internal pressure. The second one is considered the bloodiest event in the 20th-century Costa Rican history – the civil war following a highly contentious presidential election in 1948, which lasted 44 days and caused some two thousand fatalities. The Costa Rican civil conflict led to several far-reaching effects, including the abolition of the regularly army, the foundation of one of the first welfare states in the region and the creation of a new constitution. (Meyer 1). The latter prohibited the maintenance of standing army except in case of external invasion, outlawed the communist and fascist parties, and provided for the creation of a Supreme Electoral Tribunal that would oversee the electoral process and have police power during elections; the duty to guarantee the nation’s s ecurity was assigned to a national police force called the Civil Guard (Watkins). Population and Society As of July 2011 estimates, Costa Rica’s population totals 4Â  576Â  562 people, being comprised of four major ethnic groups as follows – whites, primarily of European (Spanish) descent, which, along with the mestizos, account for 94 % of the total population; 3 % blacks, which are, for the most part, of Jamaican origin; and the remainder – 1 % Chinese and 1 % Amerindians respectively (CIA; Encyclopedia of the Nations). Some 69 % of the Costa Ricans are in the 15 to 64 age group, 6.4 % are over 65 year-old and another 24.6 % are under 15 year-old (CIA). Those living in urban areas, according to 2010 data, account for 64 % of the total population (CIA), as compared to 48 % in 2001(Population Reference Bureau, cited in Encyclopedia of the Nations). The capital city, San Jose, has 1. 416 million inhabitants as of 2009 (CIA); other large cities with population o ver 100Â  000 are Alajuela, Cartago and Puntarenas, as well as Limon and Heredia, with over 50Â  000 inhabitants each (Encyclopedia of the Nations). The official language of Costa Rica is Spanish while English is mainly spoken among the middle class in some urban areas, and among descendants of Jamaican origin as well (Encyclopedia of the Nations). The major religions are Roman Catholic, which is the predominant one embracing over 76 % of the population, and Evangelical – shared by 13.7% of the Costa Ricans; along with 1.3% Jehovah’s Witnesses, 0.7% other Protestants, and other religious cults (CIA). In as much as the vast majority of Costa Rica’s people belong to one and same ethnic group, namely the ‘white’ one, which also includes people of mixed ancestry, the so-called ‘whiteness’ would appear the factor that defines the Costa Rica’s population as homogeneous; this homogeneity, however, is further reinforced by the overwhel mingly common origin, hence

Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical and Horizontal Integration Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Vertical and Horizontal Integration - Essay Example One of the most important elements of businesses is survival. For a business to thrive through different timelines and periods, there is the need for businesses to find ways and means of remaining profitable (Kotler, 1994). This implies that businesses will need to modify their ways of production and find ways and means of keeping their customers satisfied. Aside customer satisfaction, businesses also need to stay ahead of other players in the industry by remaining competitive. Survival of a business is strongly linked with its ability to grow. There is a popular saying that one needs to evolve or become extinct. This implies that businesses need to find ways and means of growing and expanding to meet these evolutional needs. Due to the complex nature of businesses and the complications that can come up when a business is expanding, there are numerous approaches through which a business can expand by way of acquiring other businesses. The use of acquisition and mergers comes with so many business and managerial requirements that must be examined closely at each and every point to ensure that optimum results are attained. The paper attempts an in-depth application of the concept of mergers and acquisitions to businesses in the technological sector. It examines the advantages and disadvantages of vertical integration and horizontal integration in the technological sector.... Hill & Jones (2010) identify that there are four main reasons why a business might choose to ‘reposition’ itself. In other words, a business might want to change its structures and systems through various means of acquisitions or control of other ventures that are closely related to it. According to Hill & Jones (2010), the first reason why a business might want to reposition itself is for the purposes of improving the company’s competitive position. In other words, the business might want to become much more formidable in maintaining its share in the control of valuable resources like the markets and/or the inputs that are used for production in the industry. Secondly, a business might want to improve its profitability situation. In other words, businesses might want to increase their earning powers and control more income or revenue streams through some expansion or re-positioning exercise. Thirdly, a business might want to enhance production. In other words, a business might want to find efficient and effective ways of producing the same thing. In this wise, they might seek to produce more from a given volume of inputs or increase the volume of production they undertake. Finally, a business might want to diversify so that they reduce risks and enhance returns. This might be done through the controlling of different income generation sources rather than a single or fewer income generation streams. This is done through various techniques like the creation of new business units or new products which can provide value to consumers and in effect provide some more revenue for the company. In this wise, the business will not have to rely excessively on a single income generation unit which

Personal Development Essay Example for Free

Personal Development Essay I have been employed as care worker with my Company, for the last 4 years. Upon joining the Company, I received an induction, which covered guidance and training, in areas applicable for my role. I also received a job description, which informed me of what I was expected to do within my role. When I first started working here, I had no previous experience as a carer, so I found the induction very informative, to support my role, and responsibilities. It informed me of the organisational policies and procedures, which I had to sign, to say I had read and understood their contents. My induction training also made me aware of the legislation that relates to my role, and the GSCC code of practice, that all social care workers must work to. The General Social Care Council,(GSCC) is the social care workforce regulator in England and their job is to regulate the conduct and training of the care workforce. As a care employee, I am required to abide by the code of practice as defined by the GSCC. see more:explain what reflective practice is This code states that I should: * Protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and carers * Strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users and carers * Promote the independence of service users while protecting them as far as possible form danger and harm * Respect the rights of service users while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people * Uphold public trust and confidence in social care services * Be accountable for their practice and take responsibility for maintaining and improving their knowledge and skills. During my induction period with the company, I received regular supervision with my line- manager, who assessed my progress, and competence to perform my role. When my induction period ended, my supervision then took/takes place every 3 months. My supervision covers:- * All aspects of my practice * My career development needs * My reflections on training I have attended recently, progress with my NVQ or other qualifications * Information about the policy and procedures in my organisation. * Constructive feedback on my service delivery. My supervision is always held in a confidential setting, between myself and my Manager. My Manager records details of what has been discussed, targets identified, and achievement target dates to be met by me and my Manager. This is my personal development plan, and helps me to record training received, training identified, and knowledge gained. My supervision is my opportunity to discuss issues I am concerned about. Sometimes prior to my supervision, I write down notes on issues I want to raise, so that I do not forget whilst in my supervision. I also receive appraisal (performance review), meetings with my manager, these are usually once a year. This is a review of my performance, summarising what I think I have achieved, and what my manager thinks I have achieved over the last 12 months. I discuss my training record and identify what my Personal Development Plan will be for the next 12 months. I also agree some personal objectives or targets for me to achieve before my next appraisal. Other colleagues I work with may have been asked for their opinions on my work as well. As a care worker I must be accountable for the quality of my work and take responsibility for maintaining and improving my knowledge and skills. This means I identify mandatory training I may need, and refresher courses, to keep my knowledge up to date, and so meet the current care standards. I also receive training from observing more experienced colleagues, who can teach me ‘on the job’ techniques. This is ‘informal’ training, but is most beneficial, along with ‘formal’ training courses I attend. All training helps to improve my service delivery, and enables me to use recommended safe practice in my working role. I can develop my knowledge, skills, and understanding by: * Identifying the knowledge, skills and standards required for my job role. * Reflecting on my practice, and making improvements on previous practice. * Receiving constructive feedback from my manager, and colleagues. * Undertake learning activities that inform my working practice. * Put new skills that I have learned into practice. I attend regular staff meetings, where staff members can discuss service users in a confidential setting. This is good practice as it provides a platform for staff to share their experiences, and gain moral support and advice from colleagues. My employer also provides a counselling service for staff members, due to the ‘pressures’, of the role. I can ask my Manager for this service if I feel work pressures are too much, and my Manager and organisation will support me. If I have a work related problem, I can approach my supervisor, and line manager for support. I feel comfortable in doing this, as I am confident that they will address my issues, and help me to resolve them. I have the opportunity to develop in my role, as my employer arranges regular ‘in-house’, training opportunities. My employer has also encouraged me to undertake my NVQ qualification, and has allowed me ‘paid’ time for study. My employer advertises job vacancies internally, and I have been encouraged to apply for more ‘senior’ positions, for my career progression.

Racial Propaganda In The Third :: essays research papers fc

Racial Propaganda during the Third Reich   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most central ideals in Nazi ideology was that of a continual attack against other races deemed inferior by Adolf, more specifically Jews. Racial minorities were used as scapegoats with which the Nazis blamed for what was wrong with the country on. In the speeches to the masses at Nazi rallies, they would start off by bringing up all the problems that they have been having, the depression, the Versailles Treaty, and any other hardship that they had experienced, and make the Jews the architect behind their ruin. The speakers would focus all their anger on the Jewish people and other minorities. Hate and anger seem to be key points in Nazi ideology. To sustain the kind of anger the Nazis needed to sway the masses over to their side, they needed a common enemy, somebody or something that could be seen everyday. Jews were portrayed as extremists and revolutionaries. They were supposedly different from the average moderate Germans, and even more different than the Nazis. People like Hitler, Goebbels, and Julius Streicher played on this ignorance of other people to instill fear and loathing of the Jews. In general, people don’t like what they don’t understand. The Nazis exploited this truism by warping, retarding, and creating supposed grievances that the Jews were responsible. During the rallies, the speakers would rant and rave about how they would exact â€Å"vengeance against their eternal enemy, the Jew† (1), and how that â€Å"Europe will have defeated this threat only when the last Jew has left our part of the planet† (1). Hitler himself at the outbreak of â€Å"The German people will not be destroyed in this war, rather the Jew† (1). The Nazi leaders would spout out so-called scientific evidence that the only way to ensure the survival of the Aryan race is that of racial purity. Over and over through their speeches and pamphlets, they emphasized that: â€Å"The decline of a people’s culture is always the result of race mixing and a decline in racial quality. Any change in the racial makeup of a people leads to a change in its nature and its culture. If the race that gave a people its nature is debased by mixing with foreign and inferior races, the people’s culture will perish and can never again be restored to full life.† (1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nazis advocated a homogenous society where only the Aryan and Nordic races would exist, while driving out all the other â€Å"inferior† races to protect the purity of the races, even at the cost of genocide towards the Jews.

1950’s Trade Policies of Pakistan

Period II:  The Golden Sixties, 1958 to 19695 Ayub Khan, the first military dictator of Pakistan, assumed complete control of the state in October 1958 and reigned over the golden period of Pakistan’s economic history. With the help of Harvard advisors, Khan vigorously implemented the Planning Commission on Economic Management and Reforms with impressive results. 6 GDP growth in this decade jumped to an average annual rate of 6 percent from 3 percent in the 1950s. The manufacturing sector expanded by 9 percent annually and various new industries were set up. Agriculture grew at a respectable rate of 4 percent with the introduction of Green Revolution technology. Governance improved with a major expansion in the government’s capacity for policy analysis, design and implementation, as well as the far-reaching process of institution building. 7 The Pakistani polity evolved from what political scientists called a â€Å"soft state† to a â€Å"developmental† one that had acquired the semblance of political legitimacy The Flat Fifties, 1947 to 1958 The main features of the 1950s was the establishment and expansion of thelarge scale manufacturing sector, which ranged from a high annual growthrate of 28. 7% in 1953/4 to a low 4. 9% in 1957/8. With industry growing athigh rates, there was reverse picture in the agriculture sector, which onlyonce in this period achieved double digit growth rates. Agriculture stagnated to the extent that its growth was not even enough to cope with the growth inpopulation, resulting in a fall in per capita consumption of food grain and theneed to import food as well. A stagnant agriculture in a predominantlyagricultural economy meant a slowly growing economy. The major impact of  economic policy in the 1950s was to transfer income away from agricultureand from urban consumers and to the new and rapidly growingmanufacturing sector 7. 2. 1 The Trade Regime: 1950-60 The major instrument of protection to import-substituting industries during the 1950-60 period was the system of import licensing. The value of import licenses issued and the distribution of these licenses across import categories were determined by the chief comptroller of imports and exports. Both the level and the product composition of import licenses changed from year to year, but in all years demand for imports exceeded the controlled supply, creating a gap between importers’ costs (c. i. f. prices plus duties and sales taxes) and market prices. The margin above importers’ costs represented a windfall profit for those fortunate enough to have the import licenses. Also, domestic manufacturing firms were able to sell their products at prices well above importers’ costs because of the scarcity markups created by restrictive licensing. Tariff protection was, in most product lines, a far less significant factor in overall protection than the licensing of imports. The structure of nominal and effective tariff protection, therefore, provides little indication of the production incentives created by the trade-control system during this period. A study by Lewis (1970, p. 69) suggests that the scarcity markup-the percentage increase of the wholesale price above the importer’s cost-was 67 percent. Lewis also found that, for his sample, nominal rates of protection across the three major subcategories of manufacturing- consumer, The Export Bonus Voucher Scheme During the 1950s it became clear that exporters were caught in a continually worsening cost-price squeeze. The maintenance of an overvalued exchange rate through restrictive import controls implied (1 ) a constant rupee return per dollar of goods exported; but (2) production costs that had a tendency to escalate when foreign exchange became scarce and the scarcity premium on imported raw materials rose. To offset this disadvantage, the export bonus voucher scheme was introduced in 1959. For every Rs 100 of foreign exchange earned, the exporter received a voucher for either Rs 20 or Rs 40, depending on the type of product, that effectively became a license to import goods up to the face value of the voucher. The bonus vouchers were licenses to import only goods from a list of importable items, but the list was quite broad and encompassed consumer, intermediate, and investment goods. Exporters had considerable freedom in deploying their vouchers. They could be used to import raw materials for processing into export or import-competing goods. They could be used for personal imports of luxury items, such as automobiles. Or they could be sold on the open market, commanding a price well in excess of their face value. This latter alternative was extremely popular, and bonus vouchers were traded on the Karachi stock exchange with the premium-that is, the price expressed as a percentage of its face value-quoted daily. Importers purchasing the vouchers could then import any item on the bonus list. If the premium was 150 percent and the c. i. f. value of the imported item was $1, or Rs 4. 6 at the official rate of exchange, and the duty 50 percent, the total cost to the importer was: Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 (Rs 4. 76) + 0. 5 (Rs. 4. 76) = Rs 14. 28. Since many items were purchased with bonus voucher premiums and customs duties of these same levels, it is clear that the marginal EER for exports exceeded the official exchange rate by a substantial amount. For the exporter, the bonus voucher scheme offered a differentiated and variable EER. Agricultural goods carried a bonus rate-the share of foreign exchange earned returned in the form of vouchers-of zero while manufactured goods carried rates . f 20 or 40 percent initially. The bonus rate structure, the number of rate categories, and the commodities assigned to the various categories were changed from time to time. Also, the premium fluctuated between 100 and 200 percent, though an attempt was made to stabilize the bonus premium at about 150 per cent. The EER for exports ranged, therefore, from Rs 4. 76 to Rs 7. 61 (Rs 4. 76 + 1. 5 x 0. 4 x Rs 4. 76). INDUSTRIALIZATION: Ayub Khan's era is known for the industrialization in the country. The new regime of Ayub Khandisbanded many of the controls that had been imposed following the post-korean war recessionin 1952. He created an environment where the private sector was encouraged to establishmedium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up avenues for new jobopportunities and thus the economic graph of the country started rising. In 1959 there was afundamental reordering and change in the method of directing industrialization through trade  policy and a series of liberal policies were introduced which remained in effect till 1965. Themain emphasis of the new rade policy in 1959 shifted away from direst controls and towardsindirest controls on imports, and on domestic prices of other goods. It was the export bonus scheme launched in 1959 that was considered to be the key to the importliberalization process in Pakistan. The scheme allowed a free market in the bonus vouchers for  certain commodities. The Export Bonus Vouchers Scheme (1959) and tax incenti ves stimulatednew industrial entrepreneurs and exporters. Bonus vouchers facilitated access to foreignexchange for imports of industrial machinery and raw materials. Tax concessions were offeredfor investment in less-developed areas. These measures had important consequences in bringingindustry to Punjab and gave rise to a new class of small industrialists. In addition the earlier closed and selective import licensing scheme of the 1950s, which was  based on the importers ability to importduring the Korean boom of 1950-2, was replaced in 1961 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT PAKISTANECONOMICPOLICY by the open General license(OGL), which allowed newcomers to enter the trading sector. Thenew traders made substantial profits and gains from processing import licenses. The most marketfriendly change was the introduction of the Free List†, which permitted the import of certaingoods without any license. The free List was extended over time from 4 items to 50 in 1964. Thetariff structure continued to be used as a signaling device, as it had been in the 1950s. the biasagainst producing machinery and equipment locally continued, as the import duty on these itemswas still the lowest, thus making it easier to import these goods rather than produce them athome. The main reason why the government could be so generous in its import policy in the firsthalf of 1960s was critically linked to the availability of foreign aid, which increased from 2. 5  percent of GNP in mid 1950s to 7 percent of GNP in mid 1960s. In 1965 the Free List suffered serious setbacks as foreign aid was curtailed, and due to theresulting foreign exchange squeeze, the import liberalization policies were abandoned and manynew import controls were introduced. The governments import licensing scheme was to suppose to encourage the private sector toinvest, just as the EBS was a means for exporters to acquire additional foreign exchange byexporting more. The exchange rate had been over valued in the 1950s, but the EBS compensatedfor that and boosted exports, especially of manufactured goods. The scheme transferred asubsidy to exports, and the export of raw jute fell from 60 percent of total exports in 1958 to 20%in 1968, while exports of cotton and jute textiles increased from 8. 3% to 35% in this period, andexports of other manufacturers increased tenfold from 2 to 20 %. The EBS also had a positiveimpact on imports making raw materials and machinery easier and cheaper. This resulted in low  prices for agricultural inputs, while EBS transferred subsidies to manufactured exports. Due toEBS and import licensing and liberalization strategy large-scale manufacturing increased from8% per annum between 1955 and 1960 to 17% between 1960 an 1965 in the second five year  Ã‚  plan the controls reimposed following the foreign exchange and aid curtailment caused thisgrowth to fall to about 10% in the second half of the 1960s. None of the growth in industry during the period of second five year plan was due to the importsubstitution, instead domestic demand and absorption rate were the dominant factors. As foreignaid had increased so had imports and even though manufacturing output grew to impressive ratesdue to the import policies and foreign resources, imports increased at a faster pace. Growth ininvestment goods was by far the fastest of all sectors during the early 1960s.. he reasonaccording to Asian bank was that since this sector was most dependent on imported rawmaterials, it benefitted most from import liberalization. Another reason why import substitutionslowed down was the EBS, which encouraged the export of manufactured goods. Pakistan’s growth rate of 5. 065 was far higher than many comparable countries, indicating bothtechnological dynamism and dynamic allocative efficiency in a comparative perspective

Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets Essay

The Standard This standard distinguishes between provisions and contingent liabilities. A provision is included in the statement of financial position at the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period. A contingent liability is not recognised in the statement of financial position. However, unless the possibility of an outflow of economic resources is remote, a contingent liability is disclosed in the notes. Provisions A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount. A liability may be a legal obligation or a constructive obligation. A constructive obligation arises from the entity’s actions, through which it has indicated to others that it will accept certain responsibilities, and as a result has created an expectation that it will discharge those responsibilities. Examples of provisions may include warranty obligations; legal or constructive obligations to clean up contaminated land or restore facilities; and a retailer’s policy to refund customers. A provision is measured at the amount that the entity would rationally pay to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period or to transfer it to a third party at that time. Risks and uncertainties are taken into account in the measurement of a provision. A provision is discounted to its present value. FRS 37 elaborates on the application of the recognition and measurement requirements for three specific cases: †¢ Future operating losses – A provision cannot be recognised because there is no obligation at the end of the reporting period. †¢ An onerous contract gives rise to a provision. †¢ A provision for restructuring costs is recognised only when the entity has a constructive obligation – the main features of the detailed restructuring plan have been announced to those affected by it. Contingent Liabilities Contingent liabilities are possible obligations whose existence will be confirmed by uncertain future events that are not wholly within the control of the entity. Contingent liabilities also include obligations that are not recognised because their amount cannot be measured reliably or settlement is not probable. An example of a contingent liability is litigation against the entity when the occurrence of any wrongdoing by the entity is uncertain. Contingent Assets Contingent assets are possible assets the existence of which will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events that are not wholly within control of the entity. Contingent assets are not recognised in the statement of financial position. Contingent assets are disclosed when it is more likely than not that an inflow of benefits will occur. However, when the inflow of benefits is virtually certain an asset is recognised in the statement of financial position, because that asset is no longer considered to be contingent. Business Implications FRS 37 restricts the circumstances in which a provision can be recognised. It does not allow a provision to be created for the possibility of something occurring in future. There must be a present obligation (a liability) at the end of the reporting period. Although provisions are not recognised for future operating losses, the expectation of future operating losses triggers an impairment test of the operation’s asset. The impairment test may result in the recognition of an impairment loss. Furthermore, the present obligation under an onerous contract is recognised and measured as a provision. The measurement of a provision requires judgment about the amount, timing and risks of the cash flows required to settle the obligation. Caution is needed in making judgment under conditions of uncertainty. However, uncertainty does not justify the creation of excessive provisions.

The Freelance Writing Course Is Live †Enroll Today!

The Freelance Writing Course Is Live – Enroll Today! The Freelance Writing Course Is Live Enroll Today! The Freelance Writing Course Is Live Enroll Today! By Daniel Scocco The day has finally come. Our Freelance Writing Course is live, and you can enroll today. It runs for six weeks (this being the first one), covering a wide range of topics related to freelance writing on the Internet. If you like to write and want to explore the  possibility  of making money by doing it online, we recommend that you check the course out. Go to the official page, where you can get all the details and enroll. Over 700 students took the course in previous editions, and the feedback we got was terrific. Below, youll find what some of those students had to say about the course: I just wanted to let you know how much I enjoyed the online course. I have been researching content on how to establish a freelance writing career since earlier this year and your course provided information that I just havent been able to find anywhere else. Thanks for taking the time to develop this in a straightforward and manageable fashion. (Yvonne Smith, United States) What you supplied has far exceeded my expectations, both in content and value for money. I congratulate you on a job well done. (Margaret Huggins, Australia) I really enjoyed the course. The lessons were well structured and had realistic yet challenging objectives to meet, and this helped me absorb the content of the lessons. There is a lot to pack into six weeks, but I view the course as a much longer-term investment in helping me establish a writing career and brand to help with my overall success. (Ian Greaves, United States) Your course is amazing. What I have learned so far has been very helpful, and I have looked ahead at what is still there, and I am amazed at the depth of knowledge you have given me. The downloadable books are a big bonus. I know this course will be the best help I could ever find to becoming a freelance writer. (Janie Fletcher, United States) Enrollment will close this Friday, June 8, so you have only 72 hours to join. (The small registration window is to make sure students will follow the course at the same pace, since we have a private forum where they can ask questions and interact with other members.) Visit the official page, where youll find all the details (e.g., course structure, price, bonuses). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Direct and Indirect ObjectsDifference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"40 Words Beginning with "Para-"

Free Essays on Sport Business

Without a doubt, consumer privacy is the No. 1 issue facing email marketers today. Given all that is written and discussed about privacy, it can be difficult to establish what the law dictates versus what is considered best practice. We are not lawyers, and you should not take this article as legal advice, but we are here reviewing some relevant laws and best practices related to email marketing. First, it is important to understand what the letter of the law mandates. As of early 2000, 14 states within the U.S. had enacted unsolicited commercial email (UCE) or "antispam" laws, but any federal-level laws directly addressing email marketing have yet to be enacted. The various state laws describe each state's requirements for commercial email messages that are delivered to individuals within that state. Violations may result in financial losses for the marketer because individual consumers or the state may sue the marketer for damages. (Click here for a table that outlines the basic details of the UCE statutes for 14 states.) As intelligent marketers know, sending unsolicited email to a group of individuals can have ramifications even worse than a lawsuit including damage to brand credibility, loss of trust, poor response rates, and waves of unsubscribe requests. In addition to UCE laws, you should familiarize yourself with each state's consumer protection laws. To minimize legal risk and avoid damaging customer relationships, every email marketer should, at the very least, follow the minimal requirements of all 50 states. Many marketers have translated the laws into practice and assert that it is acceptable, but not recommended, to send email to an individual with whom they have an existing business relationship. However, the preferred approach from legal and consumer standpoints is to deliver email messages only to those individuals who have explicitly consented to receive the email. Gathering an opt-in from consumers is ... Free Essays on Sport Business Free Essays on Sport Business Without a doubt, consumer privacy is the No. 1 issue facing email marketers today. Given all that is written and discussed about privacy, it can be difficult to establish what the law dictates versus what is considered best practice. We are not lawyers, and you should not take this article as legal advice, but we are here reviewing some relevant laws and best practices related to email marketing. First, it is important to understand what the letter of the law mandates. As of early 2000, 14 states within the U.S. had enacted unsolicited commercial email (UCE) or "antispam" laws, but any federal-level laws directly addressing email marketing have yet to be enacted. The various state laws describe each state's requirements for commercial email messages that are delivered to individuals within that state. Violations may result in financial losses for the marketer because individual consumers or the state may sue the marketer for damages. (Click here for a table that outlines the basic details of the UCE statutes for 14 states.) As intelligent marketers know, sending unsolicited email to a group of individuals can have ramifications even worse than a lawsuit including damage to brand credibility, loss of trust, poor response rates, and waves of unsubscribe requests. In addition to UCE laws, you should familiarize yourself with each state's consumer protection laws. To minimize legal risk and avoid damaging customer relationships, every email marketer should, at the very least, follow the minimal requirements of all 50 states. Many marketers have translated the laws into practice and assert that it is acceptable, but not recommended, to send email to an individual with whom they have an existing business relationship. However, the preferred approach from legal and consumer standpoints is to deliver email messages only to those individuals who have explicitly consented to receive the email. Gathering an opt-in from consumers is ...