Sentence Definition and Examples in English Grammar

A sentence is the largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. The word sentence is from the Latin for to feel. The adjective form of the word is sentential. The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb. Types of Sentence Structures The four basic sentence structures are the: Simple: A  sentence  with only one  independent clause.Compound: Two (or more)  simple sentences  joined by a  conjunction  or an appropriate  mark of punctuation.Complex: A sentence that contains an  independent clause  (or  main clause) and at least one  dependent clause.Compound-complex: A  sentence  with two or more  independent clauses  and at least one  dependent clause. Functional Types of Sentences Declarative: Clothes make the man. Naked people have little or no influence on society.  (Mark Twain)Interrogative:  But what is the difference between literature and journalism? Journalism is unreadable and literature is not read. (Oscar Wilde)Imperative:  Be careful about reading health books. You may die of a misprint. (Mark Twain)Exclamatory:  To die for an idea; it is unquestionably noble. But how much nobler it would be if men died for ideas that were true!  (H. L. Mencken) Definitions and Observations on Sentences I am trying to say it all in one sentence, between one Cap and one period. (William Faulkner in a letter to Malcolm Cowley) The term sentence is widely used to refer to quite different types of unit. Grammatically, it is the highest unit and consists of one independent clause, or two or more related clauses. Orthographically and rhetorically, it is that unit which starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. (Angela Downing, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006) I have taken as my definition of a sentence any combination of words whatsoever, beyond the simple naming of an object of sense. (Kathleen Carter Moore, The Mental Development of a Child, 1896) [A sentence is a] unit of speech constructed according to language-dependent rules, which is relatively complete and independent in respect to content, grammatical structure, and intonation. (Hadumo Bussmann, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Trans. by Lee Forester et al. Routledge, 1996) A written sentence is a word or group of words that conveys meaning to the listener, can be responded to or is part of a response, and is punctuated. (Andrew S. Rothstein and Evelyn Rothstein, English Grammar Instruction That Works! Corwin Press, 2009) None of the usual definitions of a sentence really says much, but every sentence ought somehow to organize a pattern of thought, even if it does not always reduce that thought to bite-sized pieces. (Richard Lanham, Revising Prose. Scribners, 1979) The sentence has been defined as the largest unit for which there are rules of grammar. (Christian Lehmann, Theoretical Implications of Grammaticalization Phenomena, Published in The Role of Theory in Language Description, ed. by William A. Foley. Mouton de Gruyter, 1993) The Notional Definition of a Sentence Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson give a different take in explaining what a sentence is and does: It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought. This is a notional definition: it defines a term by the notion or idea it conveys. The difficulty with this definition lies in fixing what is meant by a complete thought. There are notices, for example, that seem to be complete in themselves but are not generally regarded as sentences: Exit, Danger, 50 mph speed limit...On the other hand, there are sentences that clearly consist of more than one thought. Here is one relatively simple example: This week marks the 300th anniversary of the publication of Sir Isaac Newtons Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, a fundamental work for the whole of modern science and a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. How many complete thoughts are there in this sentence? We should at least recognize that the part after the comma introduces two additional points about Newtons book: (1) that it is a fundamental work for the whole of modern science, and (2) that it was a key influence on the philosophy of the European Enlightenment. Yet this example would be acknowledged by all as a single sentence, and it is written as a single sentence. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 2nd ed. Pearson, 2002) Another Definition of a Sentence D.J. Allerton provides an alternative definition of a sentence: Traditional attempts to define the sentence were generally either psychological or logical-analytic in nature: the former type spoke of a complete thought or some other inaccessible psychological phenomenon; the latter type, following Aristotle, expected to find every sentence made up of a logical subject and logical predicate, units that themselves rely on the sentence for their definition. A more fruitful approach is that of [Otto] Jespersen (1924: 307), who suggests testing the completeness and independence of a sentence, by assessing its potential for standing alone, as a complete utterance. (D. J. Allerton. Essentials of Grammatical Theory. Routledge, 1979) Two-Part Definition of a Sentence Stanley Fish felt that a sentence can only be defined in two parts: A sentence is a structure of logical relationships. In its bare form, this proposition is hardly edifying, which is why I immediately supplement it with a simple exercise. Here, I say, are five words randomly chosen; turn them into a sentence. (The first time I did this the words were coffee, should, book, garbage and quickly.) In no time at all I am presented with 20 sentences, all perfectly coherent and all quite different. Then comes the hard part. What is it, I ask, that you did? What did it take to turn a random list of words into a sentence? A lot of fumbling and stumbling and false starts follow, but finally someone says, I put the words into a relationship with one another....Well, my bottom line can be summarized in two statements: (1) a sentence is an organization of items in the world; and (2) a sentence is a structure of logical relationships. (Stanley Fish, Devoid of Content. The New York Times, May 31, 2005. Also How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011) The Lighter Side of Sentences Some authors a humorous view of a sentence: One day the Nouns were clustered in the street.An adjective walked by, with her dark beauty.The Nouns were struck, moved, changed.The next day a Verb drove up, and created the Sentence... (Kenneth Koch, Permanently. Published in The Collected Poems of Kenneth Koch. Borzoi Books, 2005)

Mysticeti Definition and Facts

Mysticeti refers to the baleen whales - whales that have a filtering system made up of baleen plates hanging from their upper jaw. The baleen filters the whales food from the ocean water. The taxonomic group Mysticeti is a suborder of the Order Cetacea, which includes all the whales, dolphins and porpoises. These animals may be referred to as mysticetes, or baleen whales. Some of the largest animals in the world are mysticetes. Below you can learn more about whale classification and characteristics of the whales in this group. Mysticeti Etymology The world mysticeti is thought to come from the Greek work mystà ­kÄ“tos (whalebone whale) or possibly the word mystakà ³kÄ“tos (mustache whale) and the Latin cetus (whale). In days when whales were harvested for their baleen, the baleen was called whalebone, even though it is made of protein, not bone. Whale Classification All whales are classified as vertebrate animals in the order Cetartiodactyla, which includes the even-toed ungulates (e.g., cows, camels, deer) and whales. This initially incongruous classification is based on recent findings that whales evolved from hooved ancestors. Within the Cetartiodactyla order, theres a group (infraorder) called Cetacea. This contains about 90 species of whales, dolphins and porpoises. These are further divided into two groups - Mysticeti and Odontoceti. The Mysticeti and Odontoceti are classified to as superfamilies or suborder, depending on what classification system you view. Characteristics of Mysticeti vs. Odontoceti Animals in the Mysticeti group are whales whose basic characteristics are that they have baleen, symmetrical skulls and two blowholes. Animals in the Odontoceti group have teeth, asymmetrical skulls and one blowhole. Mysticete Families Now, lets delve into the Mysticeti group. Within this group, there are four families: Right Whales (Balaenidae), which includes the North Pacific, North Atlantic and southern right whales and the bowhead whale.Pygmy Right Whale (Neobalaenidae), which includes just the pygmy right whaleGray Whales (Eschrichtiidae), which includes just the gray whaleRorquals (Balaenopteridae), which includes blue, fin, humpback, minke, sei, Brydes, and Omuras whales How Different Types of Mysticetes Feed All of the mysticetes feed using baleen, but some are skim feeders and some are gulp feeders. Skim feeders, like the right whales, have large heads and long baleen and feed by swimming through the water with their mouth open, filtering the water in the front of the mouth and out between the baleen. Rather than filtering as they swim, gulp feeders, like the rorquals, use their pleated lower jaw like a scoop to gulp in large quantities of water and fish, and then they strain the water out in between their baleen plates. Pronunciation:miss-te-see-tee References and Further Information Bannister, J.L. Baleen Whales. In Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. p. 62-73.Mead, J.G. and J.P. Gold. 2002. Whales and Dolphins in Question. Smithsonian Institution.Perrin, W. 2015. Mysticeti. In: Perrin, W.F. (2015) World Cetacea Database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species, September 30, 2015.Society for Marine Mammalogy Committee on Taxonomy. 2014. List of Marine Mammal Species Subspecies. Accessed September 29, 2015.

Cloud Computing Risks Business Adoption - 925 Words

Learn and applied skills: The thing that was truly learned during this assignment was how much time it takes to read each article for clarity. This assignment also help to develop better organization and categorizing skills for getting this assignment completed. Applications applied to the topic: The topic for the dissertation is relating to unavailability or down-times for small business using cloud computing. The research on the articles used helped to apply Bloom’s Taxonomy for knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. It was very exciting to find scholarly articles on the subject of the current research. The hardest part is developing an organized system that flows easily with life’s current priorities. Summary of Articles Review Qasim, H., Abu-Shanab, E. (2014). Cloud Computing Risks Business Adoption. International Journal of Emerging Sciences, 4(2), 52. Qasim et al., (2014) the authors of the article â€Å"Cloud Computing Risks Business Adoption† researched cloud computing and adoption. The authors discussed the lurking dangers hiding in cloud computing against businesses. The articles talks about the benefits and the risks that exist and the fact the new technology has the ability to force change on how things are done in the business environment (Qasim et al., 2014). The authors confirmed businesses should not easily rush to trust cloud computing with critical data (Qasim et al., 2014). Turner, S. (2013). 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Compare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological...

The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into society and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrate society, to keep society running smoothly and remain stable. Emile Durkheim, creator of the Organic Analogy, was a functionalist during the 1870’s. Durkheim believes that society can only survive if its members are committed to common†¦show more content†¦Bowles and Gintis also believe that schools are no longer about the teaching of a subject but the Social Principle or control of the pupils meaning that schools concentrate more on the hidden curriculum than the knowledge process. Equally, schools don’t reward independence and innovation, therefore meritocracy cannot exist within our capitalist society as capitalism is based on the principle of a ruling class (the bourgeosis) and a working class (the proletariat) and meritocracy would abolish the idea of the ruling class, society would be equal. According to Louis Althusser (1972), a French Marxist philosopher, the school serves to mould individuals into subjects that fit with the requirements of capitalism, they learn submission, deference and respect for the economy and their place in it. The school also works to ensure that the labour force is technically competent. Also, according to Althusser, the ruling class within any society exercises control over and through schooling and the Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs). The ideologies themselves express the material interests of the ruling class, so this control over and through the ISAs maintains what is called class hegemony, or domination. Althusser is also draws attention to the powerful effects of the ‘hidden curriculum’ ofShow MoreRelatedCompare, Contrast and Evaluate the Sociological Perspectives on the Ro1255 Words   |  6 Pagesrole of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare and qualify them for work in the economy as well as helping to integrate individuals into so ciety and teach them the norms, values and morals of society. Yet there are three sociological theories that differ greatly between them on the role of education. These are Functionalism, Marxism and Liberalism. Functionalists view the role of education as a means of socialising individuals and to integrate society, to keep society runningRead MoreSociology Essay20437 Words   |  82 Pagespermission to use copyright material: Crown copyright  © material is reproduced under Class Licence No. CO1 W 0000195 with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland; Guardian News and Media Ltd for extracts from Ros Taylor, ‘Classes in non-traditional family life proposed by government’, The Guardian, 12.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media Ltd 2000; Will Woodward, ‘Testing †¦ testing †¦ testing’, The Guardian 20.05.00. Copyright  © Guardian News Media LtdRead MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 Pagesoutput is bread which equals 10 000 loaves And our input is man hours which is 500 workers x 8 hours per day = 4000 man hours So if you calculate 10 000 4 000 the answer is = 2.5 This means nothing at this stage, unless you have something to compare it with e.g. Bakers Bread plans to produce 12 500 loaves of bread per day using 480 workers each working 8 hours per day. Therefore the Plan Productivity is 12 500 3840 = 3.26 Actual versus plan = 2.5 3.26 x 100 1 = 76.6 % Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesstrength of customer spending, especially when times are tight. Study of the current economy indicates that when today’s consumer is completely satisfied with his or her product or service purchase, he or she tells six other potential buyers. In contrast, a dissatisfied consumer informs 25 other potential buyers. That is the leverage of quality in shaping consumer sentiment, which is vital in powering the two-thirds of the American economy that is consumer-driven. Therefore, as companies again go

Essay about Competition Among Fast Food Chains - 1639 Words

Competition Among Fast Food Chains MARKETING INFORMATION NEED FOR THE FAST FOOD INDUSTRY To begin with, for the fast food industry around the world, the leading fast food chains; marketing information is wrapped around from convenience location, changing preference, quality of food, pricing of fast food, potential customers, age of the customers, menu selection and diversification and last of all superior service. From marketing perspective, LOCATION for the fast food service to the potential customers is most important according to Maritz Marketing Research. The recent study showed the location has to be convenient. The analysis said that adults under the age of 65 prefer convenient location for their fast food.†¦show more content†¦These days, customers look forward for a superior quality. As a matter of fact PRICING also becomes a very significant factor along with quality. Fast food chains are now highlighting on the VALUE MEALS. This value meal is a combined package of different items within a very suitable pricing range, which can be afforded by mass customers. The low pricing strategies or value meals have become one of the benchmarks of competitive advantages among the fast food chains. Along with above-mentioned factors for the marketing information, we have few findings from the given case - fast food industry must know about customers’ need and want. The demand of customer is always something new, so the marketers must have knowledge about new menu and verities of food in the offerings. Different customer like different taste, but nobody likes to compromise with their tastes. Fast food industry must know about the place, which is preferable to the customers. Convenience location should be a major focusing point for the marketing in fast food chains. ROLE PLAYING OF MARKETING RESEARCH Role of marketing research in fast food industry has an enormous impact. 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Risk For Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements

Question: Discuss About The Risk For Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements? Answer: Introducation: Philippa is a 36-year old woman diagnosed with the left breast cancer that is metastatic. The metastases are in the lymph nodes of the left axilla, both the lungs and the liver. However, the primary lesion was removed by surgery three years ago but it was aggressively metastatic as it was related to BRACA1 gene. It was two months ago that she developed the axillary, hepatic and pulmonary metastases. She lives with Alice, who is her partner and two children, an 11-year-old girl known as Catherine and a 7-year old boy known as Geoffrey. At a multinational corporation, Philippa was working as a financial manager but ceased after the confirmation of the metastases. Following this, she had to resign from work. Philippas partner works from home as an interior designer but the condition of the partner is overwhelming demanding much time. She is the only person who can care for Philippa and the children. Philippa is experiencing symptoms and signs such as an itching skin, anorexia, abdominal swelling, fatigue, oral thrush, xerostomia, and shortness of breath on exertion. Alice helps in the management of these manifestations. Currently, Philippa is on medications as follows: Oral solution of Nystatin, 1ml after every six hours per day Metoclopramide 10mg after every 8 hours and has to be taken 30 minutes before having meals. 2 puffs of salbutamol inhaler four times per day. 10mg of prednisolone two times a day. Aim: The aim of this poster is to prioritise five nursing issues that arise from Philippas assessment and identify two most critical ones based on the severity as an effect to the patient and Maslows hierarchy of needs. Nursing issues: Ineffective breathing patterns Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements Risk for electrolyte and fluid imbalance Risk for impaired integrity of the skin Risk for complicated grieving (MacAvoy, Moritz, 2013) The two main nursing issues to be considered are; ineffective breathing patterns and imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements. Ineffective Breathing Patterns. The metastases from the primary lesion of the left breast reached Philippas left and right lungs. As such, both of them have cancerous cells that impair the respiratory function of the lung parenchyma. This is confirmed by Philippas shortness of breath on exertion, cough and dry mouth, oral thrush and fatigue, which result from ineffective breathing ("Respiratory System", 2015). The three major nursing issues that must always be assessed first even during resuscitation are the airway, breathing and blood circulation because they are essential for delivery of basic nutrients to the bodys vital organs such as the liver, the kidneys, the heart and the brain. Because Philippa has shortness of breath, the amount of air delivered to the alveoli is lower and subsequently, the vital organs will receive less oxygen (Bockov, Mare?kov, Zapletalov, 2015). This can be identified by taking the saturation rates of oxygen in the blood. Additionally, the impaired pattern of breathing triggers a physiological response that forces Philippa to breathe through the mouth. When oral inhalation is prolonged, further xerostomia shall be witnessed and mouth sores develop. Additionally, Philippa has oral thrush due to the xerostomia and reduced functions of the lungs. Prednisolone is prescribed to prevent further inflammation of the mouth and other parts of the body (Tanser, 2017). T he shortness of breath also causes a straining effect on Philippas diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. Consequently, she developed the fatigue as witnessed on assessment. Because the Philippas lungs are neoplastic due to the metastases, there is need to prioritise and stabilise her breathing because. e any further delay would lead to respiratory arrest and eventual death. Again, this is the reason she is on salbutamol inhaler to dilate her airway (Smith, 2012). Additionally, nystatin is given to prevent the spread of metastatic cells (Sambo, Tumia, Bradaschia, Pavat, Szymska, 2016). Risk For Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements. Philippa is at risk of lacking vital nutrients such as glucose, electrolytes, proteins, vitamins, water among others in the body. Various reasons underlie this fact. First off, she has reduced appetite, a dry mouth and a swollen abdomen. Lack of appetite results in the refusal to ingest food and therefore, the absorptive sites of the gastrointestinal tract are less active. The body will not receive energy that is required for cellular respiration and other activities. Furthermore, water is not also taken. Water is vital for blood formation, dilution of toxins and excretion of substances through urine and faeces. Essentially, every body organ needs water for all functions. Again, Philippa has a dry mouth, indicating that saliva is insufficient (Hogan, Gingrich, 2014) The saliva is necessary for lubrication of food for easy peristalsis and digestion. Therefore, a dry mouth will not facilitate swift digestion. One of the major reasons the patient has fatigue is due to the loss of appetite and subsequent deficiency of energy in the body. Philippas swollen abdomen is due to the cancerous cells in the liver. As such, there is impairment of the hepatic functions of detoxification, haematopoiesis, bile manufacturing, clotting factor-formation, protein synthesis, storage and release of glycogen, production of immune factors, clearance of bilirubin among others (Patel, Abate, 2013). Bile salts play a vital role in emulsification and because Philippas liver has cancerous cells, this role is deterred in the duodenum (Heatley, 2013) . The swollen abdomen also may cause pain after eating because there is pressure in the hepatic portal vein that takes nutrient-rich blood to the liver resulting from hepatomegaly (Heatley, 2013) Nutrients play important roles in the body and should always be available to the body. For instance, the brain does not utilise any other form of sugars apart from glucose. If glucose is not available, then cerebral functions are impaired and may eventually cause coma (Lippincott, 2013) Moreover, these nutrients are needed to create energy that is used during movement, basal metabolic rate, cell division, immunity, cognitive functioning, increase in body size among others. Therefore, if they are not consumed, then all the above functions are affected and may lead to eventual death. Therefore, necessary and effective remedies need to be established to help Philippa regain the nutrients needed for her body to function effectively. For instance, a large-bow cannula can be introduced to administer Ringers lactate, glucose, and normal saline to the blood (Lippincott, 2013) Again, a nasogastric tube may be introduced to administer food supplements directly to the stomach. Conclusion Philippa was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer that spread to the lungs, axillary lymph nodes and the liver. Additionally, she is currently on medications that are sustaining her. The major nursing issues identified in her case includes ineffective patterns of breathing, imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance, risk for complicated grieving and risk for impaired skin integrity. Much focus was on the patterns of breathing and imbalanced nutrition. Breathing is important for delivery of oxygen to the tissues. On the other hand, nutrients are vital for creation of energy, enhancing metabolic functions, body building, strengthening the immunity and other functions. Therefore, prompt and effective measures have to be taken to enhance Philippas functionality and battling of cancer. References Bockov, S., Mare?kov, J., Zapletalov, J. (2015). Content validation of the diagnosis Ineffective Breathing Pattern.Kontakt,17(1), e24-e31. Heatley, R. (2013).Gastrointestinal and hepatic immunology(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hogan, M., Gingrich, M. (2014).Pathophysiology(1st ed.). Boston: Pearson. Lippincott, W. (2013).Brunner and suddarth's textbook of medical -surgical nursing 12th ed. + nursing diagnosis, ..(1st ed.). [Place of publication not identified]: Wolters Kluwer Health. MacAvoy, S., Moritz, D. (2013). Nursing diagnoses in an oncology population.Cancer Nursing,15(4), 264-270. Patel, P., Abate, N. (2013). Body Fat Distribution and Insulin Resistance.Nutrients,5(6), 2019-2027. Respiratory System. (2015).Pathology International,5(3), 214-216. Sambo, L., Tumia, P., Bradaschia, S., Pavat, P., Szymska, K. (2016). H07From scientific evidence to clinical practice in cancer patients: NANDA-I: imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements (00002) and care planning.Annals Of Oncology,27(suppl_4), iv81-iv81. Smith, I. (2012). Chemotherapy in metastatic disease: an overview.Breast Cancer Research,9(S1). Tanser, A. (2017). Patterns of breathing in health and disease.Thorax,25(2),

Motivation and Emotion free essay sample

J. Aznarez Motivation is the force behind behavior. Different things can be factors for motivation. Instincts make us eat when we are hungry, sleep when we are tired, and drink when we are thirsty. The body’s basic needs are taken care of by the natural instinct to fulfill those needs. I think it could be argued that the basic needs are also motivated by drive, or lack of, to satisfy those same natural behaviors. You know you will be hungry by a certain point so you may snack in order to reduce the drive to overeat later, or to satisfy the need before instinct takes over. There are some who seek out stimulation and excitement, thrill seekers, who are motivated by the adrenaline rush they receive. Their motivation is aroused by the anticipation of something that might be considered dangerous by others. Skydiving, bungee jumping, zip lining are all examples of things that would motivate a thrill seeker. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation and Emotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Motivation can also be brought on by setting goals for ourselves. Cognitive motivation is the explanation for wanting to lose twenty pounds in time for bikini season. At the same time, being able to fit into the bikini is the incentive motivation to lose the weight. For children, you might use incentive motivation so that they complete homework, by telling them they will receive a snack afterward. Eventually, the child will know that they will always receive a snack and it becomes a goal to finish the homework. Incentive and cognitive motivation are a yin and yang of sorts; they co-exist with each other to push us to complete tasks. Our motivations are usually accompanied by our emotions, both positive and negative. Positive emotions such as love and joy are felt when we meet and exceed our goals and expectations or because someone has helped to keep their motivation to complete the goals. Fear, anger, and sadness are negative emotions that accompany not satisfying a need or a goal. I start every week in this class fearful that I overthink the assignments or that I do not understand it properly and I will make a mistake. By the next week, I am happy that I did better than I thought I would. I am driven and motivated by the need to achieve, to accomplish school, to show my children that nothing is impossible, and to show them that we always have to work to achieve our dreams and goals. I think I tend to take a cognitive approach to school, because my ultimate goal is to use my education to help my son, my nephew, and other children work through their emotional and behavioral disorders, but it could also be incentive driven because my reward is to help them achieve their goals and expectations.